By CHEN Yun (Robert) Andrew FEI and WANG Rong King & Wood Mallesons
Introduction
1.The China Bank Regulatory Commission (“CBRC”) has issued a set of new rules (“Rules”) aimed at:
- controlling a broad range of risks in the financial system;
- improving the regulatory and supervisory framework; and
- ensuring that the banking sector better serves the real economy and national development policies
2.The Rules apply to both domestic banks and foreign banks in China. This publication focusses on key issues that are relevant to foreign banks operating in China
3.In addition to introducing many new requirements and guidelines, the Rules also strengthen and reinforce a number of existing CBRC policies
4.The Rules are the latest in a series of policy and enforcement measures taken by Chinese financial regulators to address financial and systemic risks
5.The Rules represent the first major rulemaking under the leadership of newly appointed CBRC chairman GUO Shuqing
Underlying problems
The CBRC has identified the following underlying problems that has led to irregularities in the banking and financial sector:
Irregular and improper behaviors in the industry
The CBRC has identified the following key irregularities and improper behaviors in China’s banking and financial sector:
- Overly leveraged financial institutions
- Complex financial products involving multiple layers of transactions and financial institutions
- Idle funds circulating within the financial sector and not flowing towards the real economy
- Lengthy financing supply chain involving multiple intermediaries between the ultimate lender and borrower, leading to increased borrowing costs
- Prevalence of regulatory and other types of arbitrage activities
- Unsound corporate governance practices
- Cronyism
- Supervisory and regulatory gaps and shortcomings that create loopholes
- Charging fees that are disproportionate to the services provided
- Charging fees without doing any valuable work
- Banks continuing to lend to “zombie” companies which exacerbates over capacity problems
- Failure to serve the real economy and investing funds for speculative purposes
Package of tough new measures
The Rules represent the CBRC’s response to these underlying problems and irregular and improper behaviors. The Rules include the following key components:
Key objectives and outcomes
The Rules are intended to achieve the following key supervisory objectives for CBRC:
These supervisory objectives are intended to achieve the following key outcomes for the banking sector:
How can banks better manage risks?
To achieve the key outcome of better risk controls and compliance, the Rules require banks to do the following:
How can banks better serve the real economy?
To achieve the key outcome of better serving the real economy, the Rules require banks to do the following:
Specific actions that banks must take
- Information-based risk controls: Requiring banks to use information systems to objectively control and manage all types of risks
- Clear responsibility: Requiring the financial institution (e.g. bank) that originated the funds to assume responsibility for financial products that cut across multiple sectors within the financial industry (e.g. banking, securities and insurance sectors)
- Strengthen control over activities between banks: Require oversight of board of directors with respect to the development and risk management of wealth management activities between banks (i.e. within the banking sector)
- Firewalls: Establish firewalls between the banking system and the capital markets, bond markets, insurance markets and FX markets
- Ex ante review: Internal management framework and procedures must be established for any financial innovation, and the prior approval of the risk management department, the legal compliance department and the board of directors (or relevant committee) must be obtained before engaging in actual activities
- Stress testing: Targeted stress testing of rapidly growing new products, new business lines and business areas with significant potential risks
Behaviors that banks must avoid
- Engaging in business activities without first obtaining the required approval or making the required filing
- Engaging in new and innovative business without establishing the required internal framework and procedures
- Bank employees improperly accessing, searching, disclosing or selling customer information
- Improper product bundling – forcing customers to purchase certain products and services in order to obtain other products or services from the bank
- Passing mortgage registration fees onto the customer
- Charging too much fees, not providing enough services and charging fees in excess of prescribed levels
- Failure to provide customer with 3-month’s advance notice of fees and charges
- Failure to publicize fee schedule or fee adjustments in a timely manner
- Making non-complying real estate related loans
- Making non-complying loans the proceeds of which are used to invest in the stock market and futures market
- Forming improper business cooperation with micro-lending companies and other non-financial institutions
- Non-compliant sale, disposal and write-off of NPLs
- Non-compliant transfers of performing loans
- Non-genuine transfers of credit assets
- Non-compliant conversion of NPLs into off-balance sheet items
- Using refinancing and other methods to conceal NPLs
Behaviors that banks must avoid (cont.)
- Issuing bank acceptance bills that are not based on genuine underlying trades
- Converting assets under the discounting business into investments by contributing bills of exchange assets into asset management plans
- Failing to use the look-through approach and substance over form principle in accounting, risk and capital measurement practices
- Providing financial services to illegal, non-regulated trading platforms
- Using the bank’s own funds to purchase its own or another bank’s wealth management products
- Layering one wealth management product onto another wealth management product
- Increasing leverage by entrusting funds to external fund managers for investment purposes
- Providing or accepting guarantees or similar arrangements in connection with investments between banks or otherwise for wealth management products
- Banks investing in each other’s wealth management products and asset management plans to increase leverage and earn more spread
- Banks transacting with each other to inflate their balance sheets
- Using deceptive, bribery and other improper methods to attract deposits
- Non-compliant transfers of credit assets by investing in related funds or partnerships
- Using related entities to engage in equity and real estate investments that are prohibited for banks
- Using the Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor (“QDII”) regime to invest in offshore bonds issued by domestic real estate companies (as opposed to lending directly to these companies)
- Failure to comply with annual report and other disclosure requirements
Behaviors that banks must avoid (cont.)
- Bank employees selling financial products that are not offered or authorized by the bank
- Bank employees misleading customers to purchase wealth management financial products
- Selling products without conducting investor suitability tests
- Not clearly disclosing to customers when selling other organizations’ products, thereby causing customers to falsely believe that they are the bank’s own products
- Forced bundling of wealth management products
- Pooling of funds relating to different wealth management products
- Transactions between wealth management products
- Engaging non-financial institutions to provide investment management services for wealth management products
- Wealth management products that invest in products issued by non-financial institutions
- Wealth management products that directly invest in credit assets or receivables
- Wealth management products that invest in NPLs, NPL asset-backed securities or other rights related to NPLs
- Principal-guaranteed wealth management products that are not managed as deposits and no deposit reserves have been placed with the People’s Bank of China
Behaviors that banks must avoid (cont.)
- Engaging in cross-border business without receiving approval
- Failing to timely monitor and detect abnormal accounts
- Providing financial services to illegal immigration activities
- When providing services to a customer, requiring the customer to use services provided by accountants, lawyers or rating agencies specified by the bank
- After an incident occurs or after a risk eventuates, directly dismissing the persons responsible without effectively seeking responsibility
- Employing the children and other family members of government and Party cadres on preferential terms
- Arranging with other organizations in the banking sector to employ the children and other family members of each other’s employees
- Employing the children and relatives of customers on preferential terms
- Providing unfairly advantageous pay and benefits to relationship hires
Key corporate governance shortcomings targeted by the CBRC
Enforcement principles
- Violations of the Rules will result in severe supervisory and enforcement actions taken by CBRC.
- CBRC will adhere to the following enforcement principles:
CBRC’s roadmap for enforcement
The Three “Ironclad Principles” and Three “Must Sees” form the basis of the following roadmap for enforcement by the CBRC:
Severe penalties for violations
The CBRC can impose the following penalties on banks and individuals for violations:
- Combine a financial institution’s self-examination with supervision inspection, severely punish problems and violations that were not fully addressed through self-examination
- Depending on the facts and circumstances of each case, a financial institution may be ordered to suspend its business, cease starting any new business, cease opening new branches, change its directors and senior executives or comply with other prudential supervisory measures
- Severe punishments will be imposed in cases involving repeat offenders, inadequate remedial measures, and failure to cooperate with regulators and inspectors
- Severe punishments will be imposed in cases involving improper transactions with related entities and arbitrage activities
- Fines will be imposed along with the confiscation of illegal gains
- Penalties received by the financial institution will be reflected in its market access, performance evaluation and regulatory ratings etc.
- “Double punishment” will be imposed on both the financial institution and the individual(s) responsible for the violation
Penalties already imposed by CBRC
Following is a snapshot of the CBRC’s enforcement efforts in the first quarter of 2017. We expect the CBRC to further strengthen enforcement over time.
Next steps for banks
Actively carry out self-examination and proactively remediate violations
For example, a bank should:
- Comprehensively review the effectiveness and compliance of risk management framework and internal policies
- Verify the compliance status of lending activities and fund flows
- Remediate non-compliant structures and arrangements with respect to wealth management products
- Address non-compliant fee arrangements and related contractual provisions (especially with respect to financial adviser fees, consulting fees and requiring the customer to bear mortgage registration fees)
- Consider how the Rules will impact the relationship between a foreign bank’s Chinese operations and its operations outside of China
Cooperate with regulators in relation to supervisory inspections and examinations; diligently complete all remediation steps
For example, a bank should:
- Strengthen communications with regulators
- Be prepared to provide adequate explanations to regulators from a legal and compliance perspective
Note: This has been updated on 18 April.