Authored by: Ma Junhao and Cao Wenjing
In the early 19th century, the French mathematician Joseph Fourier discovered the greenhouse effect, which laid the foundation for understanding the Earth’s climate system. The theory revealed the mathematical principles of heat transfer and was closely linked to the global climate change challenge more than a hundred years later. In 1994, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change entered into force, prompting countries to gradually advance energy transitions. China’s “dual-carbon” goals, the EU’s climate law and the US Net-Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions strategy together outline a future of clean energy. With the popularization of new energy vehicles (NEVs), new energy batteries have become critical, but they face challenges such as range anxiety, charging speed, and lifespan, urgently requiring solutions of battery digitalization and artificial intelligence technologies, i.e. smart batteries.