China Law Insight : China Business and Intellectual Property Lawyers & Attorneys : King & Wood Law Firm : IP, Arbitration, Litigation, Securities, Foreign Investment

By Tony Dong and Alice Zhang, King & Wood's Tax Department

It is common for multinational companies to deploy offshore holding structures or set up special purpose vehicles ("SPVs") in tax havens to make investments, enter into cross border transactions or to list their IPOs. There are various reasons for companies to utilize offshore SPVs, and tax optimization is clearly one of the top considerations. For example, a company may take advantage of preferential tax treaty provisions or align profits to a low-tax jurisdiction or tax haven. However, in recent years, governments around the world have been tightening their tax administration of cross-border tax avoidance arrangements with TPG's recent tax dispute in Australia is the latest example. The Chinese government has been actively involved in the game, and the State Administration of Taxation ("SAT") has issued a series of regulations in 2009 to strengthen tax scrutiny on non-residents.

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By John Lo, Partner, Corporate, King & Wood–Hong Kong

To a large extent, angel investment in Hong Kong has so far revolved around individual investors rather than institutions. It is useful to examine local angel financing activities by looking at the angel profiles.To date, no systematic research has been conducted regarding the number or makeup of business angels in Hong Kong. General observations indicate that the following groups, not in any order, have been spearheading the efforts: (a) former VC practitioners; (b) individuals who have made money from entrepreneurial activities or as angels; (c) second generation of the leading business families; (d) professionals such as lawyers, doctors and accountants; (e) tech executives and professionals; (f) well-to-do manufacturers who made their initial fortunes with investments in China; and (g) returnees or overseas Chinese with exposure to angel investment elsewhere.
 

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By John Lo, Partner, Corporate, King & Wood–Hong Kong

Hong Kong has perhaps one of the most heterogeneous and interesting mix of startups in the world in terms of founder makeup, location of operational base and target markets.  Founders of a Hong Kong startup, for example, could be made up of individuals from a wide variety of personal backgrounds, including locals, returnees mostly from North America, foreign expats, and PRC residents and returnees, especially those hailing from the Pearl River Delta. While a “Hong Kong startup” may be taken to mean the use of a Hong Kong incorporated operating or holding company, depending on the background or special strength of its founders, its actual seat of management or key operational base could be in Hong Kong, in China, or sometimes even the U.S. The initial targeted market of startups could also vary widely from the local market, to China, Southeast Asian region or other overseas markets.
 

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By John Lo, Partner, Corporate, King & Wood – Hong Kong

Angel investment in Hong Kong may be on the verge of an exciting transition from being an occasional engagement of a wealthy few to a more widespread, organized form of startup financing involving many more people with the wherewithal to invest.
 

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By Mark Schaub, Partner, Corporate, King & Wood - Shanghai

Three consumer credit companies have obtained regulatory approval for their establishment from the China Banking Regulatory commission (CBRC). The main shareholder in each of these consumer credit companies are domestic banks namely Bank of China (BOC), Bank of Beijing and Bank of Chengdu.

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By Zhang Yi, Partner, & Alan Du, Counsel, Corporate Group, Shanghai

The Administrative Measures for Establishment of Partnership Enterprises in China by Foreign Enterprises or Individuals (the “Measures”) was issued by State Council on 2 December 2009. The Measures, effective from 1 March 2010, will allow foreign investors to directly act as partners of partnerships in China.

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The People's Government of Shanghai Pudong New Area promulgated on June 2, 2009, the Pilot Measures for the Establishment of Foreign-invested Equity Investment Management Enterprises in the Pudong New Area of Shanghai ("Pilot Measures"). The Pilot Measures provide guidance on registration and incorporation of equity investment management companies in Pudong New Area to be established by foreign equity investment capital firm including private equity investment and venture capital.
 

By Zhang Yi, Partner at King & Wood's Corporate Group

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Chinese outbound investment has grown rapidly in the last few years, particularly in the energy, mining, banking, IT and creative industries. On August 18, 2009 China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (Sinopec) announced the USD 7.2 billion acquisition of the Swiss Addax Petroleum Corporation. This was the largest international acquisition by a Chinese company to date. Additionally, CNPC has made several large international acquisitions - for example, in May, 2009, CNPC acquired a 45% stake in Singapore Petroleum for USD 1.2 billion while companies such as China Minmetals, China Nonferrous Metals, Baosteel, and ICBC have also made significant outbound investments recently. With the increasing internationalization of Chinese companies, commercial disputes are almost inevitable. In our experience, when dealing with international arbitration and litigation proceedings, we see Chinese companies employing a number of different strategies:

By King & Wood's Cross Border Dispute Resolution team

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Emissions trading refers to a mechanism for trading legal emissions rights as commodities with the aim of controlling the overall emission of pollutants into the environment and optimizing the allocation of emissions quotas. As a concept, emissions rights trading dates back over thirty years. However, it was not until the advent of the Kyoto Protocol which became effective in 2005, that the international community established the “Clean Development Mechanism” (“CDM”), a global emissions reduction regime. Under this mechanism, every developed country is required to commit to a certain amount of emissions reduction by a specified deadline. Those countries which generate more emissions than their certified emission reduction (“CER”) may purchase CER credits from the countries which have unused CER credits or which are not subject to emissions reduction commitments. In other words, enterprises in different countries may buy and sell rights to emit carbon dioxide by means of climate exchanges in a similar manner as they would trade stocks in stock exchanges.

By Xu Ping, Partner, FDI

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A Chinese company's top executive is usually the company's legal representative, and he or she is legally entrusted with the company seal, which is the company's official symbol. The company seal provides the legal capacity to make and execute agreements, provide guarantees, transfer assets, and legally bind the company. When a legal representative is replaced, the displaced legal representative must return the company seal to the company so that the new legal representative can represent the company. However, if the displaced legal representative refuses to return the seal, the company could be liable for all the agreements that the former legal representative binds the company to. In other words, even if the articles of association can be used to remove an executive it does not necessarily mean that the foreign investors have been able to regain control of the company in practice. Therefore, retrieving the terminated legal representative's unlawfully held company seal is an important step toward the foreign investors recapturing control of the company.

By Zhang Shouzhi, Xu Xiaodan and Li Xiang, King & Wood's Cross-Border Dispute Resolution Practice, Beijing

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Once a friend of mine visited Shanghai and asked me to recommend some quick restaurants. After listing a few options, I realized that he was not interested in them as he just wanted to find a simple restaurant providing real Shanghai cuisine. It dawned on me that, we were surrounded by national and international franchised stores with standardized products and services which often provide little local flavor. Franchising is ubiquitous in China, and not just the fast food chains.

 By Cecilia Lou, Partner at King & Wood's Intellectual Property Group

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From 2003-2007, over US$100 billion poured into China via offshore structures in tax havens like the Cayman Islands. Much came from global institutional investors who tasked alternative investment managers with allocating a percentage of their portfolios to high-yield opportunity funds, emerging markets and real estate.

Everyone wanted a piece of the “China Dream,” but in recent months they have woken up to deteriorating economic conditions. Institutional investors are forcing redemptions of their investments from high-yield, high-risk markets.

Jack Rodman, Senior Advisor to King & Wood\'s International Debt/Restructuring Practice

Summarized from Mr. Rodman's article for China Economic Review, May 2009.

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The Legislative Office of China's State Council is currently soliciting public opinions for a draft set of defective products recall rules. The draft has been prepared by the General Administration of Quality Inspection, Supervision and Quarantine of China.

Mark Schaub, Partner, Corporate

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China has issued a raft of measures aimed at moulding its auto industry to meet both the challenges posed by the global economic crisis and possibly even use the crisis to achieve long held strategic government goals. The short term goal appears to be to boost domestic consumption of cars and thereby stimulate the economy. The longer term goals have been previously enunciated in NDRC auto policy, namely consolidate the industry, build some national auto champions and build quality “green” cars. According to The New York Times, China is aiming to become a global leader in manufacturing electric cars.

Xu Ping, Partner, FDI

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China's insurance industry has experienced significant changes since its World Trade Organisation (WTO) entry. It has gone from being a predominantly closed market in the early 1990s, to one in which foreign insurers now account for more than half of all insurance companies. The Insurance Law, as the basic law governing China's insurance industry, however, have not fully reflected that growth and change.

On 28 February 2009, the Standing Committee of National People's Congress adopted the long-awaited amendments to the Insurance Law which will become effective as of 1 October 2009. A number of new provisions are included and extensive amendments to existing provisions made. Some of the key amendments are discussed below particularly those which may likely impact on the investment in, and the operation of insurance companies and insurance intermediaries in China.
 

Mark Schaub, Partner, FDI

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China's Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) has recently issued a number of notices delegating approval competency to lower governmental levels. This delegation of approval competency to local authorities will greatly accelerate the approval process for foreign invested projects. Two prominent areas in this general policy of devolution are delegation of approval authority over (i) foreign invested holding companies and (ii) foreign invested venture capital enterprises (“FIVCEs”) as well as foreign invested venture capital management enterprises (“FIVCE Management Firm”).

Xu Ping & Mark Schaub of King & Wood's Foreign Direct Investment Practice

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A. General Devolution to Lower Levels

China's Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) has continued their trend of further delegating approval competency to lower governmental levels. This delegation of approval competency to local authorities will greatly accelerate the approval process for foreign invested projects.

MOFCOM issued, on March 5 the Notice on Improving the Examination and Approval over the Foreign Investment (the “Notice”) which simplifies the approval process through the following means:

1. In the Notice, MOFCOM delegates its approval competency under certain conditions:

FIEs falling within encouraged sectors (regardless of investment amount) which were previously approved at the central MOFCOM level can now be approved by MOFCOM counterparts at the provincial level, vice-provincial city level (1), or national economic development zone level. It is important to note that the usual threshold of USD 100,000,000 total investment does not apply to encouraged sector projects. Accordingly, the basic policy is that encouraged projects can be approved locally except for some specific exceptions such as central government reliant projects (2) or FIEs governed by specific rules or industrial policies.

A basic rule has always been for amendments to FIEs to be approved by the original approval authority. The Notice changes this by allowing FIEs originally approved by MOFCOM to have subsequent commercial changes approved by MOFCOM’s local counterparts except for capital increases which require National Development and Reform Commission approvals or share transfers which result in a transfer of the controlling interest to the foreign shareholder.

The Notice also largely devolves approval competency for mergers and acquisitions of domestic companies by foreign investors and FIEs to local authorities. Projects falling within encouraged or permitted sectors can be approved locally if the transaction amount is below USD 100,000,000. Local approval can also be obtained in restricted categories if the transaction amount does not exceed USD 50,000,000. It is important to note that in respect of acquisitions the Notice states that competency shall be determined by reference to the transaction amount not total investment. However, it is important to note that this devolution of authority does not waive approval requirements in respect of the Chinese Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) or the state-owned assets supervision and management authorities. Accordingly, in many sensitive cases central level approvals will still be required. Similarly, strategic investments in listed companies will still need MOFCOM level approval.
 

Mark Schaub, Feng Xin, Duncan Hwang of King & Wood's Foreign Direct Investment Practice

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Under the United Nation's Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), “developed country Parties should provide new and additional financial resources to support the transfer of technology and take all practical steps to promote, facilitate and finance the transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies and know how to developing country Parties.” However, a UNFCCC report revealed that a large portion of developing nations do not take advantage of CDM projects to import technology.
 

As long as technology transfer from developed countries is a convenient low-cost means for China to reduce GHG emissions, why doesn't China have more CDM projects that involve technology transfer? [continue reading to see our analysis]
 

Wang Rui, Partner, International Trade

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 Recently, the Chinese government issued a couple of new laws and regulations to curb overseas “hot” money and strengthen the administration of foreign exchange. On August 5, 2008, the State Council amended and promulgated the Regulations on Foreign Exchange Administration of the People's Republic of China which requires that foreign exchange and the fund for settlement in a capital account should be used as approved by relevant approval authorities. On August 29, 2008, the Circular of Relevant Implementation Questions Concerning the Improvement of Administration of Payment and Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign Invested Enterprises (the “Circular”) was then issued by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”), according to which the RMB settled from the capital account of a foreign invested enterprise (“FIE”) should be used in accordance with the business scope approved by the governmental agencies and may not be used to make equity investments in China. This means foreign investors cannot directly make use of the foreign exchange in their capital account to invest in China, which is expected to have a major impact on domestic re-investment by FIEs.

  In the past, a number of foreign investors used to invest in China by first establishing a FIE and then using the FIE as an investment arm to re-invest in China. Please note such an FIE referred to here is not the so-called “foreign funded investment company” (“Investment Company”) which is a special entity set up by foreign investors to mainly engage in direct investment in China. Rather it refers to such a FIE whose business scope may include production, retail, wholesale of products, consulting or technology services or other businesses rather than “investment” as permitted under PRC law.

 Interestingly, the item of “investment” is normally not allowed to be included in the business scope of a FIE by approval authorities like the Ministry of Commerce (“MOFCOM”)  and corporate registration bodies like the State Administration for Industry and Commerce (“SAIC”) along with their local counterparts. However,  the Provisional Regulations on Investment within China by Foreign Invested Enterprises which was promulgated dated July 25, 2000 jointly by MOFCOM and SAIC does grant a FIE a qualification to re-invest in China. In practice, a FIE is permitted to conduct investment in China e.g. acquiring the equity interests of other FIE(s) or domestic company(s), but a FIE is required to use RMB to make such investment under the current PRC law. Thus a question arises: if a FIE has no or cannot obtain sufficient amount of RMB by whatever lawful means, could it be allowed to convert funds into RMB from its capital account for the purpose of investment?

Huang Caihua, Associate, Foreign Direct Investment

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After the Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor scheme (QDII) was implemented in April of 2006 to help relieve pressure on the RMB by promoting capital outflows and Chinese companies in various industries in the private sector were encouraged to go abroad, China’s outbound investment totaled approximately $20 billion in 2007.

In the first half of 2008, overseas investment of Chinese companies has more than doubled from last year. This year, Chinese outbound investment has already reached 16 billion euros (nearly $23 billion) according to Bloomberg.

Correspondingly, we have seen an increasing number of our domestic Chinese clients invest abroad for both market seeking and resource seeking opportunities. We expect this trend to accelerate in the coming years as outbound rules continue to be relaxed and domestic companies shift their strategies to compete globally.

This trend, coupled with close working relationships with a significant number of American companies and law firms have lead King & Wood to establish its New York office opening September 9th, 2008. As a firm with an extensive client list in the banking industry, our location on Madison Avenue will serve as serve as a local presence for many of our American clients and also provide international support for our clients at home. Since 2001, King & Wood has made a series of international moves such as San Francisco, Hong Kong, Tokyo and most recently with our Sydney Strategic Alliance at the end of 2007.

For years we have seen U.S. and European law firms expand into China. As the global clout of Chinese companies grows, we will see continue to see Chinese law firms expand with them. 

Duncan Hwang, Foreign Lawyer, FDI

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A few years ago, it seemed that Shanghai was on the verge of becoming the Asian city of choice for multinationals establishing regional HQs. However, this did not come to pass and it appears that this has caught the attention of the Shanghai Municipal Government...  

By Mark Schaub, Partner, King & Wood Shanghai Office, FDI

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1.Introduction

On 6 June 2008, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (the “HKSAR”) announced the “Arrangements for the Implementation of Clean Development Mechanism (“CDM”) Projects in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region” (the “Implementation Arrangements”). The Implementation Arrangements have been developed following consultations between the National Development and Reform Commission (“NDRC”) of China and the Environment Protection Department (“EPD”) of the HKSAR. The Implementation Arrangements sets out the specific procedures for Hong Kong companies to conduct CDM projects in Hong Kong...

 By Andrew Tan 

 Partner   Arculli Fong & Ng   (in association with King & Wood, PRC Lawyers)

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As consideration for obtaining Olympic marketing rights, the official sponsors have contributed considerable funds and goods to the Olympic Games.  The strong support of sponsors is crucial to the successful staging of every edition of the Olympic Games.  As such, the International Olympic Committee (“IOC”) views the protection of the sponsors’ rights as an important aspect in the preparation and organization of the Olympic Games.  The Government of the Beijing Municipality and Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad (“BOCOG”) also solemnly have covenanted in the Host City Contract and the Marketing Plan that they will take all necessary measures to prevent and combat ambush marketing in any form...

By Wang Rui, Partner, King & Wood’s Olympic Group

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Recent issues regarding Chinese products have focused on the gaps remaining in the law.  However, the gaps are quickly closing.  Product safety has become a top priority for China. Chinese authorities have streamlined the legislative process for product recalls at all levels...

By Li Yongmei King & Wood’s Domestic Litigation & Arbitration Practice

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Last month, Mr. Martin Lipton, of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz, honored King & Wood with a speech on the implications of the “poison pill” in legal practice.  Mr. Lipton is noted for his innovative "rights plan", a series of defensive measures taken by the board of a target company in a hostile takeover.  The “rights plan” is meant to ward off hostile offers that substantially underestimate the value of the target's shares.  The rights plan was later referred to as the "poison pill" by Wall Street bankers whose attempts at hostile takeover below fair value were frequently frustrated by the "rights plan."


Mr. Lipton's speech inspired me to ponder the question of how defensive measures work in China's corporate governance.  I then googled the word "poison pill" and "company" in Chinese, but found no instances of companies utilizing the poison pill within China.  So why is there no poison pill in China?
 

By   Li Wenbo   King & Wood’s International Trade Group

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The “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Mediation and Arbitration of Labor Disputes” (“the New Law”) came into force on May 1, 2008. This promulgation has introduced many innovative concepts to Chinese law. The most notable change was the extension of the statutory period for filing arbitration applications in labor disputes.


By Xu Xiaodan,  King & Wood's International Litigation & Arbitration Group.

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The massive May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake caused heavy property damage and saddening losses of life in the Chinese Providences of Sichuan, Shanxi, and Gansu. In order to support the earthquake relief and reconstruction effort, the Ministry of Finance and State Administration of Taxation has implemented post disaster tax deductions and exemptions. These relief measures impact affected individuals or enterprises, and also donations toward the relief effort. The most significant tax relief measures were announced in the “Notice on Implementing the Earthquake Relief and Reconstruction Tax Policies”(Notice 62). The taxes covered in the Notice included: enterprise income tax, individual income tax, house property tax, resource tax, stamp tax, urban land use tax, vehicle and vessel use tax, import tax.
 

By Zhang Yu, Wang Xiujuan, Chengdu Office of King & Wood, FDI

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Two sets of new measures have been issued in June 2008 (namely Measures for the Administration of Prohibited and Restricted Technology Import and Measures for the Administration of Import and Export Contracts Registration) which are likely to have a material, practical affect upon technology licenses and transfers to and from China. In November 2007, the Ministry of Commerce updated the Category of Prohibited and Restricted Technology Import.


The measures are a mix of devolution (i.e. the regulations delegate responsibility down to regional Bureaux of Commerce); increased regulation and supervision on the one hand but relaxation in other regards.


By Mark Schaub, Partner Shanghai Office of King & Wood，FDI   

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Unclear provisions have frequently caused liability disputes for late payment damages. Clearly a non-breaching party may claim damages for late payment. Yet, opposing parties have often advanced differing methods for calculating damages depending on which method provides a more favorable outcome. In the past, courts also proposed differing principles for deciding cases. This lack of uniformity often led to confusion.


By Cheng Shigang, Associate in King & Wood's Domestic Litigation and Arbitration Group.   

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Two sets of new measures have been issued in June 2008 (namely Measures for the Administration of Prohibited and Restricted Technology Import and Measures for the Administration of Import and Export Contracts Registration) which are likely to have a material, practical affect upon technology licenses and transfers to and from China.

The measures are a mix of devolution (i.e. the regulations delegate responsibility down to regional Bureaux of Commerce); increased regulation and supervision on the one hand but relaxation in other regards.

By Mark Schaub, Partner

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Despite 30 years of opening up, actual Chinese government policy remains opaque. Although not as incomprehensible to the outsider as Kremlin watching was in the Cold War there are still few opportunities to really grasp what type of foreign investment is actually in favor at any given time. Circular 57, also known as Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries (“Catalogue”) was overhauled late last year and does provide some hints in this regard.

More than anything else the Catalogue shows increased regulation as the number of industries subject to specific restrictions or encouragement has been increased since the 2004 version (i.e. encouraged category now has 351 subjects compared to 257 in 2004; restricted has increased from 78 to 87; prohibited from 35 to 40). Activities not mentioned within the Catalogue are considered “permitted” and are not subject to any specific restrictions or preferential treatment.

Naturally there are winners and losers.

Some winners include 1) environmentally friendly industries; 2) some forms of media (restrictions on foreign investment in sports, entertainment, radio and television program production have been loosened from prohibited to restricted); 3) telecommunications (maximum foreign share raised from 35% to 49%).

Some losers include: 1) heavily polluting manufacturing (in particular batteries have been hit hard); 2) internet news and services are prohibited (although this may have been more a clarification than a change of existing policy); 3) foreign activities in real estate (due to, a possibly misguided, assumption that foreign investment is driving real estate prices ever higher).

Naturally the Catalogue is only one part of the picture. Investors will also need to examine what operational licenses and approvals are required and different localities also have different local policies. Despite this the Catalogue remains a useful initial tool for investors to gauge the likely attitude of the approval authorities to their project.

 By Mark Schaub, Partner  Shanghai Office of King & Wood，FDI
 

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